Migraines Explained | Triggers, Nervous System & Headache Patterns

Migraine at a Glance

A migraine is a neurological condition characterised by recurring attacks of moderate to severe headache pain, often accompanied by a variety of additional symptoms. Common features of migraines include:

Throbbing or pulsating head pain, often on one side of the head
Nausea or vomiting
Sensitivity to light (photophobia) and sound (phonophobia)
Visual disturbances, sometimes known as aura
Fatigue, dizziness, or “brain fog”

Migraine attacks can last anywhere from 4 to 72 hours, and many people experience several stages during an episode, including warning symptoms before the headache begins and lingering fatigue afterwards.

While some people only experience occasional migraines, others may suffer from frequent or chronic attacks that significantly interfere with everyday life.

What Is a Migraine?

A migraine is a type of headache disorder that involves complex neurological processes within the brain and nervous system. Unlike tension headaches, which tend to cause a dull pressure around the head, migraines are often characterised by intense throbbing pain, typically affecting one side of the head.

However, migraines involve far more than just pain. Many people experience a range of additional symptoms including nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, dizziness, and heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli.

Migraines can affect people of all ages, although they often begin during adolescence or early adulthood. They are also significantly more common in women than in men, which is thought to be partly due to hormonal influences.

Research has shown that migraines often run in families, suggesting that genetics plays a role in determining who is more susceptible to them.

What Causes Migraines?

Migraines are not fully understood, but research suggests they arise from a combination of neurological, genetic, and environmental factors.

Several mechanisms are believed to contribute to migraine attacks.

Brain Chemicals and Blood Flow

One of the leading theories behind migraines involves changes in brain chemicals, particularly serotonin, which plays an important role in regulating pain signals and blood vessel function.

During a migraine attack, serotonin levels can fluctuate. This may cause blood vessels in the brain to constrict initially and then dilate, contributing to the throbbing pain associated with migraines.

These changes in brain chemistry can also influence nerve signalling and pain sensitivity within the nervous system.

Neurovascular Mechanisms

Migraines are often described as a neurovascular disorder, meaning they involve both the nervous system and the brain’s blood vessels.

The trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for sensation in the face and head, appears to play a key role in migraine pain. When this nerve becomes activated, it can release inflammatory chemicals that irritate surrounding blood vessels and trigger pain signals in the brain.

This interaction between nerves and blood vessels helps explain why migraines can produce such intense and persistent pain.

Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD)

Another important process involved in migraines is known as cortical spreading depression (CSD).

This refers to a wave of electrical activity that moves across the brain’s outer layer (the cortex). As this wave spreads, it temporarily disrupts normal brain activity and blood flow.

Researchers believe that cortical spreading depression may be responsible for the visual disturbances and sensory symptoms known as aura, which some people experience before the headache phase of a migraine.

Genetic Factors

There is strong evidence that genetics play a role in migraines. People with a family history of migraines are significantly more likely to experience them themselves.

Scientists have identified several genetic variations linked to migraine susceptibility, particularly those related to nerve signalling, serotonin regulation, and blood vessel function.

These genetic factors may make certain individuals more sensitive to environmental or physiological triggers.

The Phases of a Migraine

Migraine attacks often occur in distinct stages, although not everyone experiences all of them.

Prodrome (Warning Phase)

The prodrome phase can occur hours or even days before the headache begins. People may notice subtle changes such as:

These symptoms may indicate that changes are already occurring within the brain.

Aura Phase

Around 20–30% of people with migraines experience aura. This stage usually occurs shortly before the headache phase.

Aura symptoms may include:

Aura symptoms are believed to be linked to cortical spreading depression affecting areas of the brain responsible for sensory processing.

Headache Phase

This is the stage most people associate with migraines.

The pain is typically:

During this phase people may also experience:

This phase can last anywhere from 4 hours to several days.

Postdrome (Recovery Phase)

After the headache subsides, many people experience a postdrome phase, sometimes described as a “migraine hangover”.

Symptoms may include:

This stage can last for several hours or even a full day while the brain recovers from the migraine attack.

Common Migraine Triggers

Migraine attacks are often triggered by certain environmental or lifestyle factors. These triggers vary widely from person to person, but some of the most common include:

Stress Emotional stress is one of the most frequently reported migraine triggers.
Hormonal Changes Fluctuations in hormones — particularly oestrogen — can trigger migraines in some women, which is why migraines are often linked to menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause.
Dietary Factors Certain foods and drinks may trigger migraines in susceptible individuals. These can include alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, aged cheeses, and processed meats.
Sleep Disruption Both too little and too much sleep can provoke migraine attacks. Irregular sleep schedules are a common trigger.
Sensory Stimuli Bright lights, loud noises, strong smells, or prolonged screen exposure may trigger migraines in some people.

Understanding personal triggers can be a key step in preventing future attacks.

Managing Migraines

For many people living with migraines, reducing the frequency and severity of attacks can be life-changing. While medication can help manage acute symptoms, many individuals also benefit from addressing underlying triggers and lifestyle factors.

Chiropractic Care

Some individuals find that chiropractic care can help reduce the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks. Improving spinal alignment and reducing tension in the neck and upper spine may help relieve pressure on the nervous system and improve overall neurological function.

Many migraine sufferers report that regular chiropractic treatment can help keep migraines under better control.

Lifestyle Changes

Certain lifestyle adjustments can also play a significant role in managing migraines.

Helpful strategies may include:

Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule
Staying well hydrated
Managing stress through relaxation techniques or mindfulness
Identifying and avoiding personal migraine triggers
Ensuring regular meals and stable blood sugar levels

Techniques such as meditation, breathing exercises, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can also be beneficial in managing stress-related triggers.

What is a Migraine?

Migraines are not fully understood, but researchers believe they are caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Several key mechanisms play a role in the development of migraines:

What Causes Migraines?

A migraine is a type of headache that is typically more intense and longer-lasting than regular headaches. Unlike tension headaches, which tend to cause a dull ache, migraines are often characterised by throbbing or pulsating pain, usually on one side of the head. Migraine attacks can last anywhere from 4 to 72 hours and can be accompanied by additional symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia) or sound (phonophobia). Some people also experience an aura before the headache begins, which can involve visual disturbances such as flashing lights or blind spots.

While anyone can experience a migraine, they are more common in women and typically begin in adolescence or early adulthood. Migraines tend to run in families, suggesting a genetic component to the condition.